Definition and Examples of Deductive Arguments

Deduction is a method of reasoning from the general to the specific. Also called deductive reasoning and  top-down logic. In a deductive argument, a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises. (Contrast with induction.) In logic, a deductive argument is called a syllogism. In rhetoric, the equivalent of the syllogism is the enthymeme.​ Etymology From Latin, leading Examples and Observations The fundamental property of a deductively valid argument is this: If all of its premises are true, then its conclusion must be true also because the claim asserted by its conclusion already has been stated in its premises, although usually only implicitly.Scientific Deduction and Rhetorical DeductionFor Aristotle, scientific deduction differs in kind from its  rhetorical  counterpart. True, both are conducted according to the laws of thought. But rhetorical deduction is  inferior for two reasons: it starts with uncertain premises, and it is enthymematic: it generally relies on audience presuppositions to supply missing premises and conclusions. Because conclusions cannot be more certain than their premises and because any argument is deficient in rigor that relies on audience participation for its completion, rhetorical deductions can yield at best only plausible conclusions. . . .Syllogisms and EnthymemesVery rarely in literary argument do reasoners make use of the complete sy llogism, except to render perfectly apparent the premises from which the conclusion is deduced, or to show some fault in reasoning. Deductive arguments take various forms. One premise, or even the conclusion, may not be expressed if obvious enough to be taken for granted; in this case, the syllogism is called an enthymeme. One of the premises may be conditional, which gives the hypothetical syllogism. A syllogistic argument may be involved in a statement with its reasons, or with its inferences, or may be diffused throughout an extended discussion. To argue effectively, with clearness and cogency, the reasoner must have his deductive framework clearly in mind at every point of his discussion, and keep it before the reader or hearer. Pronunciation di-DUK-shun Also Known As Deductive Argument Sources H. Kahane,  Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric, 1998Alan G. Gross,  Starring the Text: The Place of Rhetoric in Science Studies. Southern Illinois University Press, 2006Elias J. MacEwan,  The Essentials of Argumentation. D.C. Heath, 1898

Annapolis Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The United States Naval Academy is a federal service academy with an acceptance rate of 8.5%. The U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis is highly selective, and the application process is different from many other schools. Applicants must meet eligibility requirements including U.S. citizenship, age, and marital status. Students who meet eligibility requirements can submit a preliminary application which will determine if they are competitive to become an Official Candidate for admission. Applicants must also receive a nomination from a senator, member of Congress, current naval officer, or veteran. Other components to the Annapolis application include a medical exam, a fitness assessment, and a personal interview. Considering applying to the U.S. Naval Academy? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Why the United States Naval Academy? Location: Annapolis, MarylandCampus Features: The Annapolis campus is an active naval base with a waterfront location on the Severn River.Student/Faculty Ratio: 8:1Athletics: The Navy Midshipmen compete in the NCAA Division I American Athletic Conference and Patriot League.Highlights: Annapolis is one of the most selective colleges in the country, and all costs are covered because of the five-year active duty obligation upon graduation. The school ranks among the top Maryland colleges and top Middle Atlantic colleges. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the U.S. Naval Academy had an acceptance rate of 8.5%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 8 students were admitted, making Navys admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 16,086 Percent Admitted 8.5% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 88% SAT Scores and Requirements The United States Naval Academy requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 58% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 620 760 Math 620 760 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Annapolis admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Annapolis scored between 620 and 760, while 25% scored below 620 and 25% scored above 760. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 620 and 760, while 25% scored below 620 and 25% scored above 760. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1520 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at the U.S. Naval Academy. Requirements Annapolis does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that the U.S. Naval Academy participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements The United States Naval Academy requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 74% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 26 32 Math 27 32 This admissions data tells us that most of Annapolis admitted students fall within the top 18% nationally on the English portion of the ACT, and within the top 15% nationally on the math portion. The middle 50% of students admitted to Annapolis received an English score between 26 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 26. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 27 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 27. Requirements The U.S. Naval Academy does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, Annapolis superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA The U.S. Naval Academy does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs; however, the admissions office indicates that successful applicants tend to rank in the top 20% of their graduating class. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Annapolis Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to the United States Naval Academy. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The United States Naval Academy is one of the countrys most selective colleges with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Annapolis has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. The U.S. Naval Academy looks at the rigor of your high school courses, not just your grades. The academy requires all candidates to complete an interview and pass a physical fitness assessment. Winning candidates typically demonstrate leadership potential, meaningful extracurricular involvement, and athletic ability. In the graph here, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that the majority of students who were accepted had grades in the A range, combined SAT scores above 1200 (ERW M), and ACT composite scores above 25. The higher those grades and test scores, the better the chance of admission. Tuition Costs and Benefits The Navy pays 100% of the tuition, room and board, and medical and dental care for Naval Academy midshipmen. This is in return for five years of active-duty service upon graduation. Midshipmen pay is $1,087.80 monthly (as of 2018) but after deductions for laundry, barber, cobbler, activities, yearbook, and other services the net cash pay is $100 per month the first year, with increases each year thereafter. Cost-reducing perks include regular active-duty benefits such as access to military commissaries and exchanges, commercial transportation, and lodging discounts. Midshipmen can also fly (space available) in military aircraft around the world. If You Like Annapolis, You May Also Like These Schools Virginia Military Institute,  West Point,  the  Air Force Academy, and  The Citadel  are all potential options for those considering going to a college affiliated with a branch of the U.S. military. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Admissions Statistics and the United States Naval Academy Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The Effects Of Electronic Cigarettes On The United States

It is undeniable that the popularity and usage of electronic cigarettes or personal vaporizer devices have been on the rise since they first gained the public’s attention in the early twenty first century. In fact, one study by UBS Securities LLC shows that the value of the e-cigarette market has doubled or more each year since 2007 and was expected to double from two hundred and fifty million dollars in 2011 to five hundred million in 2012(7). Some of the growing concerns is that, like the tobacco market when it first started growing in popularity, there has been little research conducted on the long term effects of electronic cigarettes. Other causes for concern stem from the marketing and sale of these devices to teenagers. This is why the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) needs to impose restrictions and regulations on the use and sale of these devices and conduct further research on the health related effects and long term effects of their usage. The rapid rise in acceptance and usage can be attributed to the claims made by the manufacturers of these products, that they are a safer alternative to smoking or that they are a new possible smoking cessation aid. However in 2010 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had rejected these claims and issued warnings to five such manufacturers for â€Å"violations of good manufacturing practices, making unsubstantiated drug claims, and using the devices as delivery mechanisms for active pharmaceutical ingredients.† Although,Show MoreRelatedElectronic Cigarettes: A Safer Alternative? 1074 Words   |  4 Pagesdeath in the United States and the health benefits from stop smoking outweigh other smoking interventions. Existing smoking cessation programs have high failure rates if no nicotine replacement is being used, however, smokers who use nicotine replacement therapy or more likely to stop smo king than those without. 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Treasury and Risk Management for Swiss Exporters- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTreasury and Risk Management for Swiss Exporters. Answer: Discussing the reason for SNB de-pegging of Franc, while evaluating the hedging strategies implemented by Swiss exporters On January 2011, Swiss National Bankmade a decision, which changed the value of franc and is considered one of the dark days for stock market of the country. This de-pegging decision made by Swiss National Bankwas based on certain assumptions and actions that was taken by different bank all around the world. The event resulted in major devaluation of Swiss Franc, which hampered their currency valuation in comparisons to other countries (Bishop 2015). The reason behind Swiss National Bankconducting the de-pegging are depicted as follows. Accumulation of high Euro and foreign currency reserve: During the period of pegging conducted by Swiss National Bank, it mainly accumulated high foreign reserve and Euro for reducing the rising valuation of Swiss Franc. In addition, the increasing accumulation of foreign currency was maintained by raising the supply of Swiss Franc by Swiss National Bank. The high demand of Swiss Franc mainly increased valuation of the currency, while hampering their international trade. This rising supply of Swiss Franc increased the chance of hyperinflation within the country, as evaluated by business and analyst. In addition, Swiss National Bank accumulated 480 billion worth of foreign reserve, which comprises 70% of the GDP (Admiral Markets 2018). This high accumulation of foreign reserve mainly reduced the actual valuation of Swiss Franc against other currencies. In this context, Skinner (2016) stated that Central Bank of countries use the foreign reserve to maintain the valuation of their currency, which helps in reducing the negative impact of vola tile currency market. Devaluation of Euro against other countries: The euro valuation has relatively declined over the period, which resulted in the devaluation of euro and Swiss Franc. Moreover, the euro valuation has relatively declined over the period, which in turn reduces the value of Swiss Franc due to high accumulation of currency by Swiss National Bank. The Europeans Central Bank started with the easing policy for rising the inflation rate and supplying more currencies for buying bonds of Euro-Zone counties. This rising production and supply of Euro with the currency market mainly devalued the overall currency. In addition, this devaluation resulted in the decline of Swiss franc due to their exposure and accumulation of 480 billion foreign reserves. Therefore, the devaluation of Euro increased, which is hindering progress of the economy. Kim and Chance (2018) stated that the devaluation of currencies mainly hampers trade and export profits of the country, which in turn hampers their actual GDP growth. The Strategic measures taken by European Central Banks mainly increased the devaluation of Euro and in turn hamper the valuation Swiss Franc. The above-mentioned reasons mainly initiated Swiss National Bank to conduct the de-pegging, which was being continued. This halt in operations was due to the decline in Swiss Franc, which was intended by Swiss National Bank form the start. Therefore, Swiss National Bank during January 2011 for determining the actual value of Swiss Franc stopped the pegging process. Swiss National Bank with the help of de-pegging measure was able to controlling the hyperinflation, which was evaluated by analyst. The exporter of Switzerland would eventually use adequate hedging process for curbing the rising volatility in the currency market and make maximum of the profits from the transactions. The use of option hedging strategy would be helpful for the exporters for hedging their exposure in the international market. Du and Schreger (2016) stated that hedging process allows exporters for curbing the volatilities in the currency market and fix their payment by using adequate hedging measures. In addition, the use of money market hedge is also a viable approach, which could be used by investors in reducing the negative impact of changing currency prices. On the other hand, Caldentey and Haugh (2017) criticises that without the use of adequate knowledge about the hedging measure the exporter might increase their risk and increase losses from the transaction. Moreover, the Swiss exporters could use both hedging positions for effectively reducing the negative impact of volitively Swiss Franc. Bo th option hedging strategy and money market strategy is a viable approach that might be used by the exporters for fixing their future payments. Identifying the risk of each strategy and estimating the dollar cash flows it will receive because of using each strategy: Particulars Amount Rate Payment 50,000,000 Probability to go up $ 60,000,000 1.2 Probability to go down $ 40,000,000 0.8 Un-hedge strategy Value Value Payment 50,000,000 Spot rate $ 1.10 $ 55,000,000 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 1.20 $ 60,000,000 Loss in un-hedging $ 0.10 $ 5,000,000 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 0.80 $ 40,000,000 Profit from un-hedging $ 0.30 $ 15,000,000 Forward hedge strategy Value Value Payment 50,000,000 Spot rate $ 1.10 $ 55,000,000 Forward rate $ 1.13 $ 56,500,000 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 1.20 $ 60,000,000 Loss in hedging $ 0.07 $ 3,500,000 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 0.80 $ 40,000,000 Profit from hedging $ 0.03 $ 16,500,000 Money market hedge Value Value Payment 50,000,000 interest in Euro 2.00% 1,000,000 Amount in euros borrowed 49,000,000 Spot rate $ 1.10 $ 53,900,000 interest in US 5.50% $ 2,964,500 Total payment received in 1 yr $ 56,864,500 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 1.20 $ 60,000,000 Loss in hedging $ 3,135,500 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 0.80 $ 40,000,000 Profit from hedging $ 16,864,500 Option Hedge Put Option Value Value Payment 50,000,000 Put option 1.11 Exercise price 0.06 Total value of put option 1.05 $ 52,500,000 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 1.20 $ 60,000,000 Loss in hedging $ 0.15 $ 7,500,000 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 0.80 $ 40,000,000 Profit from hedging $ 0.25 $ 12,500,000 Option Hedge Call Option Value Value Payment 50,000,000 Cal option 1.15 Exercise price 0.08 Total value of put option 1.07 $ 53,500,000 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 1.20 $ 60,000,000 Loss in hedging $ 0.13 $ 6,500,000 Probability of spot price in 1 yr $ 0.80 $ 40,000,000 Profit from hedging $ 0.27 $ 13,500,000 From the evaluation of above table, the risk and cash flow can be identified, which could be used by ABC company to identify the best possible hedging strategy. In addition, the unhedged policy is the one strategy, which has the higher risk of loss that might incur by the company. Moreover, other hedging strategy has relevant risk and reward attribute, which reduces the risk from payment substantially and fixes the exchange value, which might incur in one-year time. Alvarez and Hansen (2017) mentioned that with hedging measure investor can curb the rising risk from currency market. Explaining the hedge that is optimal for ABC: Hedging Strategies Profit Loss Un-hedge strategy $ 15,000,000.00 $ 5,000,000.00 Forward hedge strategy $ 16,500,000.00 $ 3,500,000.00 Money market hedge $ 16,864,500.00 $ 3,135,500.00 Option Hedge Put Option $ 12,500,000.00 $ 7,500,000.00 Option Hedge Call Option $ 13,500,000.00 $ 6,500,000.00 From the overall evaluation of the above table, money market hedge is identified to be the most beneficial, as it incurs the least loss, while obtaining the highest profit in both probable conditions. In this context, lvarez Espinoza and Hansen (2017) stated that the money market hedging allows investor to conduct trade on the specific trades, which could reduce risk from changing exchange rate. Reference and Bibliography: Admiral Markets (United Kingdom). (2018).Price shock: when the Swiss National Bank unpegged the Swiss franc from the euro. [online] Available at: https://admiralmarkets.com/analytics/traders-blog/price-shock-when-the-swiss-national-bank-unpegged-the-swiss-franc-from-the-euro [Accessed 23 Mar. 2018]. lvarez Espinoza, R. and Hansen, E., 2017.Corporate currency risk and hedging in Chile: Real and financial effects(No. IDB-WP-769). IDB Working Paper Series. Alvarez, R. and Hansen, E., 2017.Corporate Currency Risk and Hedging in Chile: Real and Financial Effects. Inter-American Development Bank. Bishop, K. (2015).Swiss franc soars, stocks tank as euro peg scrapped. [online] CNBC. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2015/01/15/swiss-franc-sours-stocks-tank-as-euro-peg-scrapped.html [Accessed 23 Mar. 2018]. Boudoukh, J., Katz, M., Richardson, M.P. and Thapar, A., 2015. Risk Without Reward: The Case for Strategic FX Hedging.AQR, September, pp.45-50. Caldentey, R. and Haugh, M., 2017. A Cournot-Stackelberg Model of Supply Contracts with Financial Hedging and Identical Retailers.Foundations and Trends in Technology, Information and Operations Management,11(1-2), pp.124-143. Du, W. and Schreger, J., 2016. Local currency sovereign risk.The Journal of Finance,71(3), pp.1027-1070. Kim, S.F. and Chance, D.M., 2018. An empirical analysis of corporate currency risk management policies and practices.Pacific-Basin Finance Journal,47, pp.109-128. Skinner, W.R., 2016. CFC-Level Hedges of Currency RiskA Review.International tax journal, p.14. Yaganti, C.H., Kamaiah, B. and Gupta, H., 2015. Exchange Traded Currency Future Markets and Risk Management in India.Journal of International Economics,6(2), p.13.